if 语句格式
if 条件
then
command
else
command
fi 别忘了这个结尾
if语句忘了结尾fi
test.sh: line 14: syntax error: unexpected end of fi if 的三种条件表达式
if
command
then if
函数
then
命令执行成功,等于返回0 (比如grep ,找到匹配)
执行失败,返回非0 (grep,没找到匹配)
if [ expression_r_r_r ]
then 表达式结果为真,则返回0,if把0值引向then
if test expression_r_r_r
then 表达式结果为假,则返回非0,if把非0值引向then
[ ] && ——快捷if
[ -f “/etc/shadow” ] && echo “This computer uses shadow passwors”
&& 可以理解为then
如果左边的表达式为真则执行右边的语句 shell的if与c语言if的功能上的区别
shell if c语言if
0为真,走then 正好相反,非0走then
不支持整数变量直接if
必须:if [ i –ne 0 ] 但支持字符串变量直接if
if [ str ] 如果字符串非0
支持变量直接if
if (i )
以多条command或者函数作为if 条件
echo –n “input:”read user if多条指令,这些命令之间相当于“and”(与)grep $user /etc/passwd >/tmp/null who -u | grep $userthen 上边的指令都执行成功,返回值$?为0,0为真,运行then echo "$user has logged"else 指令执行失败,$?为1,运行else echo "$user has not logged"fi # sh test.shinput : macgmacg pts/0 May 15 15:55 . 2075 (192.168.1.100)macg has logged# sh test.shinput : dddddd has not logged 以函数作为if条件 (函数就相当于command,函数的优点是其return值可以自定义)if以函数作为if条件,getynthen 函数reture值0为真,走thenecho " your answer is yes"else 函数return值非0为假,走elseecho "your anser is no"fi if command 等价于 command+if $?$ vi testsh.sh#!/bin/sh ifcat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1thenecho foundelseecho "no found"fi $ vi testsh.sh#!/bin/sh cat 111-tmp.txt | grep ting1if [ $? -eq 0 ]thenecho $?echo foundelseecho $?echo "no found"fi$ sh testsh.shno found $ sh testsh.sh1no found$ vi 111-tmp.txtthat is 222filethisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.shthisting1 is 111filefound$ vi 111-tmp.txtthat is 222filethisting1 is 111file $ sh testsh.shthisting1 is 111file0found
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传统if 从句子——以条件表达式作为 if条件
if [ 条件表达式 ]then command command commandelse command commandfi
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条件表达式
if [ -f file ] 如果文件存在
if [ -d … ] 如果目录存在
if [ -s file ] 如果文件存在且非空
if [ -r file ] 如果文件存在且可读
if [ -w file ] 如果文件存在且可写
if [ -x file ] 如果文件存在且可执行
if [ int1 -eq int2 ] 如果int1等于int2
if [ int1 -ne int2 ] 如果不等于
if [ int1 -ge int2 ] 如果>=
if [ int1 -gt int2 ] 如果>
if [ int1 -le int2 ] 如果if [ int1 -lt int2 ] 如果
字符串变量表达式
If [ $a = $b ] 如果string1等于string2 字符串允许使用赋值号做等号if [ $string1 != $string2 ] 如果string1不等于string2 if [ -n $string ] 如果string 非空(非0),返回0(true) if [ -z $string ] 如果string 为空if [ $sting ] 如果string 非空,返回0 (和-n类似) 条件表达式引用变量要带$if [ a = b ] ;then echo equalelseecho no equalfi[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:5input b:5no equal (等于表达式没比较$a和$b,而是比较和a和b,自然a!=b) 改正:if [ $a = $b ] ;then echo equalelseecho no equalfi[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:5input b:5equal -eq -ne -lt -nt只能用于整数,不适用于字符串,字符串等于用赋值号=[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho -n "input your choice:"read varif [ $var -eq "yes" ]thenecho $varfi[macg@machome ~]$ sh -x test.shinput your choice:ytest.sh: line 3: test: y: integer expression_r_r_r expected 期望整数形式,即-eq不支持字符串 =放在别的地方是赋值,放在if [ ] 里就是字符串等于,shell里面没有==的,那是c语言的等于 无空格的字符串,可以加" ",也可以不加[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.shecho "input a:"read aecho "input is $a"if [ $a = 123 ] ; thenecho equal123fi[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput a:123input is 123equal123 = 作为等于时,其两边都必须加空格,否则失效等号也是操作符,必须和其他变量,关键字,用空格格开 (等号做赋值号时正好相反,两边不能有空格)[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"read varif [ $var="yes" ]thenecho $varecho "input is correct"elseecho $varecho "input error"fi[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"read varif [ $var = "yes" ] 在等号两边加空格thenecho $varecho "input is correct"elseecho $varecho "input error"fi[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yyinput is correct[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:ninput is correct 输错了也走then,都走then,为什么?因为if把$var="yes"连读成一个变量,而此变量为空,返回1,则走else [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yyinput error[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:no noinput error一切正常 If [ $ANS ] 等价于 if [ -n $ANS ] 如果字符串变量非空(then) , 空(else)echo "input your choice:"read ANS if [ $ANS ]thenecho no emptyelseecho empthfi [macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice: 回车empth 说明“回车”就是空串[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:34no empty 整数条件表达式,大于,小于,shell里没有> 和逻辑非 ! 条件表达式的相反
if [ ! 表达式 ]
if [ ! -d $num ] 如果不存在目录$num
逻辑与 –a 条件表达式的并列
if [ 表达式1 –a 表达式2 ]
逻辑或 -o 条件表达式的或
if [ 表达式1 –o 表达式2 ]
逻辑表达式表达式与前面的= != -d –f –x -ne -eq -lt等合用
逻辑符号就正常的接其他表达式,没有任何括号( ),就是并列
if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ]
注意逻辑与-a与逻辑或-o很容易和其他字符串或文件的运算符号搞混了
最常见的赋值形式,赋值前对=两边的变量都进行评测
左边测变量是否为空,右边测目录(值)是否存在(值是否有效)[macg@mac-home ~]$ vi test.sh:echo "input the num:"read numecho "input is $num" if [ -z "$JHHOME" -a -d $HOME/$num ] 如果变量$JHHOME为空,且$HOME/$num目录存在thenJHHOME=$HOME/$num 则赋值fiecho "JHHOME is $JHHOME" -----------------------[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.shinput the num:input is pppJHHOME is 目录-d $HOME/$num 不存在,所以$JHHOME没被then赋值[macg@mac-home ~]$ mkdir ppp[macg@mac-home ~]$ sh test.shinput the num:input is pppJHHOME is /home/macg/ppp 一个-o的例子,其中却揭示了”=”必须两边留空格的问题echo "input your choice:"read ANS if [ $ANS="Yes" -o $ANS="yes" -o $ANS="y" -o $ANS="Y" ]thenANS="y"elseANS="n"fiecho $ANS[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:y[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:noy为什么输入不是yes,结果仍是y(走then)因为=被连读了,成了变量$ANS="Yes",而变量又为空,所以走else了[macg@machome ~]$ vi test.sh echo "input your choice:"read ANS echo "input your choice:"read ANSif [ $ANS = "Yes" -o $ANS = "yes" -o $ANS = "y" -o $ANS = "Y" ]thenANS="y"elseANS="n"fiecho $ANS[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:no[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yesy[macg@machome ~]$ sh test.shinput your choice:yy ===================以 test 条件表达式 作为if条件=================================== if test $num -eq 0 等价于 if [ $num –eq 0 ] test 表达式,没有 [ ]if test $num -eq 0 thenecho "try again"elseecho "good"fi man test[macg@machome ~]$ man test[(1) User Commands [(1) SYNOPSIS test EXPRESSION [ EXPRESSION ] [-n] STRING the length of STRING is nonzero -n和直接$str都是非0条件 -z STRING the length of STRING is zero STRING1 = STRING2 the strings are equal STRING1 != STRING2 the strings are not equal INTEGER1 -eq INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ge INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -gt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is greater than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -le INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than or equal to INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -lt INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is less than INTEGER2 INTEGER1 -ne INTEGER2 INTEGER1 is not equal to INTEGER2 FILE1 -nt FILE2 FILE1 is newer (modification date) than FILE2 FILE1 -ot FILE2 FILE1 is older than FILE2 -b FILE FILE exists and is block special -c FILE FILE exists and is character special -d FILE FILE exists and is a directory -e FILE FILE exists 文件存在 -f FILE FILE exists and is a regular file 文件存在且是普通文件 -h FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -L) -L FILE FILE exists and is a symbolic link (same as -h) -G FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective group ID -O FILE FILE exists and is owned by the effective user ID -p FILE FILE exists and is a named pipe -s FILE FILE exists and has a size greater than zero -S FILE FILE exists and is a socket -w FILE FILE exists and is writable -x FILEFILE exists and is executable登录后复制
最常用的简化if语句
&& 如果是“前面”,则“后面”
[ -f /var/run/dhcpd.pid ] && rm /var/run/dhcpd.pid 检查 文件是否存在,如果存在就删掉登录后复制
|| 如果不是“前面”,则后面
[ -f /usr/sbin/dhcpd ] || exit 0 检验文件是否存在,如果存在就退出登录后复制
用简化 if 和$1,$2,$3来检测参数,不合理就调用help
[ -z "$1" ] && help 如果第一个参数不存在(-z 字符串长度为0 )[ "$1" = "-h" ] && help 如果第一个参数是-h,就显示help登录后复制
例子
#!/bin/sh[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0cp ifcfg-eth0.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1cp ifcfg-eth1.bridge /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1[ -f "/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1" ] && rm -f /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0:1登录后复制
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