设计模式是可重用的编程解决方案,用于解决常见问题,尤其有利于面向对象编程。创建型:工厂方法(创建对象)、抽象工厂(创建相关对象);结构型:适配器(转换接口)、装饰器(动态添加功能);行为型:观察者(一对多依赖通知)、策略(封装算法,可互换)。
PHP面向对象编程:设计模式全面解析
引言
设计模式是经过反复验证的、可重用的解决方案,用于解决常见编程问题。在面向对象编程(OOP)中,它们有助于编写可维护、可扩展和稳定的代码。本文将探讨PHP中的常见设计模式,并通过实战案例展示其应用。
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创建型模式
工厂方法:创建一个对象,而不指定其确切的类。
interface VehicleFactory { public function createVehicle(string $type): Vehicle;}class CarFactory implements VehicleFactory { public function createVehicle(string $type): Vehicle { return new Car(); }}$factory = new CarFactory();$car = $factory->createVehicle('car');
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抽象工厂:提供一个接口,供创建相关或依赖对象家族之用。
interface ShapeFactory { public function createShape(string $type): Shape;}class CircleFactory implements ShapeFactory { public function createShape(string $type): Shape { return new Circle(); }}$factory = new CircleFactory();$shape = $factory->createShape('circle');
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结构型模式
适配器:将一个类的接口转换成另一个期望的接口。
class OldSystem { public function getOldValue(): string { return 'old value'; }}class NewSystem { public function getNewValue(): string { return 'new value'; }}class Adapter implements OldSystem { private $newSystem; public function __construct(NewSystem $newSystem) { $this->newSystem = $newSystem; } public function getOldValue(): string { return $this->newSystem->getNewValue(); }}$adapter = new Adapter(new NewSystem());$value = $adapter->getOldValue();
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装饰器:动态地将一个对象的功能添加到另一个对象。
class Shape { public function draw(): void { echo 'drawing shape' . PHP_EOL; }}class Circle extends Shape { public function draw(): void { parent::draw(); echo 'drawing circle' . PHP_EOL; }}class ColorDecorator extends Shape { private $shape; private $color; public function __construct(Shape $shape, string $color) { $this->shape = $shape; $this->color = $color; } public function draw(): void { $this->shape->draw(); echo 'drawing ' . $this->color . ' shape' . PHP_EOL; }}$shape = new Circle();$redShape = new ColorDecorator($shape, 'red');$redShape->draw();
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行为型模式
观察者:定义对象之间的一种一对多依赖关系,当一个对象发生变化时,所有依赖的对象都会得到通知。
class Subject { private $observers = []; private $state; public function getState(): string { return $this->state; } public function setState(string $state): void { $this->state = $state; $this->notifyObservers(); } public function attach(Observer $observer): void { $this->observers[] = $observer; } public function detach(Observer $observer): void { $index = array_search($observer, $this->observers); if ($index !== false) { unset($this->observers[$index]); } } public function notifyObservers(): void { foreach ($this->observers as $observer) { $observer->update($this); } }}class Observer { public function update(Subject $subject): void { echo 'observer notified, new state: ' . $subject->getState() . PHP_EOL; }}$subject = new Subject();$observer1 = new Observer();$observer2 = new Observer();$subject->attach($observer1);$subject->attach($observer2);$subject->setState('new state');
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策略:定义一系列算法,并分别封装它们,使得它们可以互换,独立于使用它们的客户端。
interface PaymentStrategy { public function pay(float $amount): void;}class CreditCardStrategy implements PaymentStrategy { public function pay(float $amount): void { echo 'paying with credit card: ' . $amount . PHP_EOL; }}class PayPalStrategy implements PaymentStrategy { public function pay(float $amount): void { echo 'paying with PayPal: ' . $amount . PHP_EOL; }}class Order { private $paymentStrategy; public function __construct(PaymentStrategy $paymentStrategy) { $this->paymentStrategy = $paymentStrategy; } public function pay(float $amount): void { $this->paymentStrategy->pay($amount); }}$order = new Order(new CreditCardStrategy());$order->pay(100);
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